While the planet is running around screaming “don’t panic!”, the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (the big one on the map, the small one is the Republic of Congo) continues to rapidly deteriorate. Unchecked vested interest groups are once again coming home to roost and it’s going to get real ugly, real soon.
At play in this strife torn African country are those with vested political interests, which extends to most of the DRC’s neighbours including primarily but certainly not limited to Rwanda and Uganda, as well as militias within the DRC featuring rebel Tutsis, Hutus and Ugandans and those with vested financial interests as is neatly captured by Catherine Philip in her article for the Times of London.
www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5110684.ece
Into that mixture must be added the largest UN peace keeping force on the planet right now, the DRC’s own army which is responsible for some of the worst atrocities being committed and the odd Mai Mai who are anti-foreigner groups banging heads with … foreigners I would imagine.
That is a short summary of the players available in and around the DRC at the moment. The focus however, at present is on Goma and surrounds in the eastern part of the country. Tutsi rebels under General Laurent Nkunda had ostensibly gone on the offensive against the million-odd Hutus who fled there after the Rwandan Genocide of 1994 (a year after a ceasefire was declared in the Rwandan Civil War). However, within a short space of time Nkunda has upped the ante claiming that this exercise is not aimed at the Hutus but at the government who had best meet to negotiate with him or face all out war.
A bit of history — as you may or may not recall it was the Hutus who murdered roughly a million Tutsis while Clinton and the planet fiddled. Of course the Hutus blame the Tutsis who, having helped the Ugandans overthrow Obote and co, in Uganda formed their own army under the RFP and launched the Rwandan Civil War to reclaim the country from the Hutus, which they did in 1996.
Within a year the Rwandans, Burundi, Angola and Uganda assisted Laurent-Desire Kabila, the current president Joseph Kabila’s father, and the ADFL to oust then Zairean president Mobutu Sese Seko who had ruled for a couple of decades in what is known as the First Congo War. No loss to the continent.
This was, however, soon followed by the Second Congo War which achieved the dubious distinction of having the highest casualties inflicted in a conflict since World War II. Known as the World War of Africa it pitted Kabila and a number of African states including Namibia, Chad, Zimbabwe, Libya and Angola, some Mai Mai and the Hutus against Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Nkunda’s rebel Tutsis, Jean Pierre Bemba’s MLC and the RCD (another rebel group receiving support from Rwanda).
This conflict led to the deaths of 5.4-million people and ran effectively from August 1998 until 2003. It ended with a ceasefire and a transitional government followed by a referendum in 2005 and elections in 2006 whereat Kabila was elected the president.
What it did not do was defuse the ticking time-bomb that is the DRC and its neighbours, nor eliminate the looters and plunderers described in Philip’s article.
The result is that in the North East you will find the Lords Resistence Army which is a band of Ugandan Rebels at war with Uganda but operating in the Sudan and DRC as well. Their ongoing activities are responsible for atrocities in that part of the DRC. In the East, which includes Goma right near the Rwandan border, are the Hutu militias — the cause of much concern for the Tutsi rebels under Nkunda.
Strangely enough it was agreed in Nairobi just over a year ago that the Hutu militias would disarm and begin repatriating to Rwanda. If anything Kabila is using the Hutu militias to bolster his forces against the Tutsi rebels, the Tutsi rebel leader is using them as an excuse to put pressure on the government via the instability in the eastern part of the DRC and Rwandan president Paul Kagame has so far baulked at increasing the size of his Hutu population.
At present the principal players in the conflict would appear to be the DRC (whose army is committing outrageous atrocities on civilians), Angola, MONUC(UN), Hutu militias and the Mai Mai against Nkunda’s CNDP (plus Rwanda who deny it). Of course the African leaders of the Great Lakes, SADC (heaven help us) EU and UN are all scratching their heads on how to bring this inferno under control once and for all.
Everyone appears to be calling for ceasefires, more humanitarian aid and bolstering the peace keeping force, which is like putting a plaster on a broken leg. As the medication prescribed after the Second Congo War it certainly hasn’t cured the patient up to now, perhaps put him into remission but no more than that.
What would be more helpful would be pro-active measures along the following lines :
Instructions that all militias other than MONUC and the DRC regular army disarm or face engagement.
Sanctions to be imposed against any country found to be supporting the rebel militias in the DRC.
Uganda and Rwanda be advised that unless they allow safe passage for their rebels to return home they will be facing sanctions. Immediately commence repatriating all Tutsis and Hutus to Rwanda and LRA rebels to Uganda.
DRC regular military who have been involved in attrocities to be prosecuted and the leaders responsible for these units dismissed and tried for war crimes.
Severe sanctions to be introduced against countries and companies that are directly or indirectly involved in purchasing illegal minerals or other resources from the DRC.
Unless all foreign and rebel militias are disarmed and sanctions imposed on those who illegally profit from the vast resources of the DRC, thereby removing the reason and the wherewithal to rearm time and again, the situation will remain highly volatile.
With the precedent set by the World War of Africa that’s not where you’d want to be about now.
Traps
Why are they “rebels” and not “freedom fighters”? Because they are fighting a black government and want all their foreign neighbours who are denuding them of minerals out?
It is fun listening to SAFM. They can tow the party line for Africa’s “leaders” as much as they like – but when the Congo refugees phone in we hear the real story.
Back to my old hobby horse – why not start from scratch – redesign the political borders as the DRC is not a country and never will be. Scrap the colonial borders and build africa ones that are wanted by africans. Only then will peace stability and growth emerge.
Give the Tutsis’ and Hutu’s their own proper fatherlands and watch how the fighting disappears.
Basically DRC, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi should change their borders so that africa’s renaissance can begin.
Baldrick,
I have a cunning plan….
In this land of ours, roams an ex President, well versed in international affairs. A brilliant diplomat and father of our African Renaissance. He knows the Congo and many times has negotiated peace. He is a latter-day PC black Kissinger. Of course, both men have been, unfairly, much maligned but that is another story.
Anyway, to get back to the plan… Mbeki must immediately be parachuted to Goma. And left there.
Owen
Mainly because there really is no such thing as African. Nigeria has over 100 different languages and therefore different cultures.
In many African countries the oil or main mineral deposits are in areas which are traditionally those of minority groups. The majority tribe will never give up that wealth.
Also there is a vast cultural difference between the Muslim North and the Christian South. The fault line seperating these groups runs about through the middle of Central Africa – mainly where all the worst fighting is.
It would make more sense to consolidate two Africas first, Muslim and Christian, into two trade blocks.
Egypt, for instance, is not African at all. It is the intellectual centre of the Muslim world and its books and newspapers are read all over the East. Nigeria would not accept vaccines from Christian Southern Africa – only from the Muslim East.
Please don’t ask AU to mediate in this fiasco…they’re just as ineffective as their sister body, SADC.
They should just Split the country in between, One to be ruled by Kabila & the rest be ruled by Nkunda [in anycase that country is too big for one man]…
You’ve heard the man (Gen Kunda), he also wants a big slice of the DRC cake.
Sigh! Power is evil, it can drive people to go bananans
Who the hell is funding all these rebels that are causing untold misery across the continent???
Hi Traps, thanks for a useful brief history of DRC. I have been getting a little frustrated over the last few weeks while watching recent events in DRC and Zimbabwe unfold.
Who would be enforcing the sanctions that you propose? The AU, the SADC? These are just pathetic, little, ineffective talk-shops. While the SADC has just hammered the UN for not intervening more actively in DRC, the foreign minister of South Africa has today called for a lift of sanctions that have been imposed on the Zimbabwean dictatorship, arguing that these are in fact hurting the general population. They sure do. But so do the Zanu-PF beatings of MDC supporters, I presume, and the violation of democratic rights in general. What matters to the minister, it seems, is the damage the sanctions do to Robert Mugabe’s and his cronies’ coffers. That’s all…
This is nothing less than disgusting, if you ask me. The inability to stand tall in face of the deteriorating situation in Zimbabwe, not to speak of what is actually happening in DRC, speaks volumes about the political maturity of these African imposters posing as world-leaders while in fact they are nothing less than second-graders who think they can pass matrics. For crying out loud, what’s wrong with these people?
Mass murderers are mass murderers, no matter whether you call them rebels or freedom fighters or war veterans or struggle heroes. The problem, to me anyway, seems that parts of Africa are trapped in “Groundhog Day” scenario: One half of the continent seemingly has not progressed in history while the other half is so fond about the past that they spend most of their time idolising the memories of bygone struggles rather than concentrating on the challenges of the present.
The inability of millions of ordinary Germans to resist the temptations of the Nazi regime were grounded, according to a concept introduced by sociologist/philosopher Theodor Adorno, on a “weakness of Ego”, turning them into willing executioners (to use a term coined by Daniel Goldhagen) or passive bystanders watching others being killed, tortured or abducted. As long as today’s so-called African leaders turn a blind eye on what is nothing but open abuse and mass murder, for the sake of an ethereal brotherhood of African struggle heroes, there won’t be no Renaissance on this continent (of what, actually?), not to speak of peace for Zimbabwe or the DRC.
Maybe awards like the one afforded by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation will facilitate some change. I think that what it really takes are leaders guided in moral affairs by true Kantian categorical imperatives rather than by the emotional intelligence of 6-year olds.
However, with punks a la Julius Malema having a say in the political arena in this country, who dares to have any expectations for Zimbabwe or the DRC…
Traps.
This isn’t the first time I’ve clicked on a link on you page and received the error “This link is invalid”.
Just check it yourself, bru, and once you find out what you are doing wrong maybe you can make it work like it’s supposed to?
The fact is this little problem isn’t going to go away.
DRC has wealth which has been divvied by various invading armies who are not going to let the AU, the EU the UN, or indeed any 2 lettered acronym lecture them.
It’s a complete mess.
Have just read “The Scramble for Africa” by Thomas Packenham. Shit, talk about “Cry the beloved continent”!
The history of the Congo especially, defies belief. What an evil cruel disgusting bunch of swine we humans are!
Strange affair!
From the pictures, the people seem to live in stick huts and hovels and the civilians look poverty stricken and yet the “rebels” and “army” have sophisticated equipment like tanks and are also well-uniformed. Where did they “buy” this equipment or who “donated” it to them so “generously” ?
This looks to me, like foreign “donors” who have come to claim their stakes in the mineral wealth. My opinion though.
@Lyndall
Let me put it differently. When the Germans tried to impose their borders on the rest of Europe we had 2 world wars. When the central africans try to fight their way out of some colonial imposed borders we have the equivalent of a world war. Yet the world will happily carry on imposing the borders that are obviously not working.
So let the people, (as seen as you don’t want to call them ‘africans’), of the area decide on their borders, preferably via peaceful negotiated means as history has shown us (the world over) that it is very easy to slaughter someone else who is not of your culture and language.
Hi Traps, thanks for a useful brief history of DRC. I have been getting a little frustrated over the last few weeks while watching recent events in DRC and Zimbabwe unfold. Who would be enforcing the sanctions that you propose? The AU, the SADC?
These are just pathetic, little, ineffective talk-shops. While the SADC has just hammered the UN for not intervening more actively in DRC, the foreign minister of South Africa has today called for a lift of sanctions that have been imposed on the Zimbabwean dictatorship, arguing that these are in fact hurting the general population. They sure do. But so do the Zanu-PF beatings of MDC supporters, I presume, and the violation of democratic rights in general. What matters to the minister, it seems, is the damage the sanctions do to Robert Mugabe’s and his cronies’ coffers. That’s all…
This is nothing less than disgusting, if you ask me. The inability to stand tall in face of the deteriorating situation in Zimbabwe, not to speak of what is actually happening in DRC, speaks volumes about the political maturity of the African imposters posing as leaders while in fact they are nothing less than second-graders who think they can pass matrics.
For crying out loud, what’s wrong with these people? Mass murderers are mass murderers, no matter whether you call them rebels or freedom fighters or war veterans or struggle heroes. The problem, to me anyway, seems that parts of Africa are trapped in “Groundhog Day” scenario: One half of the continent seemingly has not progressed in history while the other half is so fond about the past that they spend most of their time idolising the memories of bygone struggles rather than concentrating on the challenges of the present.
The inability of millions of ordinary Germans to resist the temptations of the Nazi regime were grounded, according to a concept introduced by sociologist/philosopher Theodor Adorno, on a “weakness of Ego”, turning them into willing executioners (to use a term coined by Daniel Goldhagen) or passive bystanders watching others being killed, tortured or abducted.
As long as today’s so-called African leaders turn a blind eye on what is nothing but open abuse and mass murder, for the sake of an ethereal brotherhood of African struggle heroes, there won’t be no Renaissance on this continent (of what, actually?), not to speak of peace for Zimbabwe or the DRC. Maybe awards like the one afforded by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation will facilitate some change. I think that what it really takes are leaders guided in moral affairs by true Kantian categorical imperatives rather than by the emotional intelligence of 6-year olds.
However, with punks a la Julius Malema having a say in the political arena in this country, who dares to have any expectations for Zimbabwe or the DRC…
Sentletse
According to a Congolese on the radio the DRC army itself supports them and sureptiously siphons off weapons to them. The “rebels” are 5000, the DRC army 20,000 people. Ever heard of passive resistence? Why do you think the illigitimate leader Kabila, who inherited the “position” when his father died, and later rigged an election, can’t rely on his own army and needs his neighbours to bring in theirs – again! AND why can’t he trust his own people to protect him – and relies on a bodyguard of Zimbabeans supplied by Mugabe?
Sentletse, AntonS,
I have been asking the same question, and looked no further than the Chinese. All the Congolese “armies” are using oldish Russian equipment, still manufactured in China today.
The Chinese are after the wealth of Africa, and have been supporting demagoges like Mugabe for a long time. The new colonisers of Africa. If the opposing “armies” could destroy each other, the country is free for whoever may be interested in the wealth available, and in walks China! Let someone else do your dirty work for you.
I agree with Owen. When will Africa redraw its borders? If you go to eastern Congo you will see that it has so little to do with Kinshasa. The camions (lorries) that take goods to and fro along the jungle tracks during the dry season operate between Kisangani and Mombasa. Kinshasa cannot even be reached by road; only by way of the river barge across 1000 -odd km of Congo River. Kinshasa must stop trying to be Belgium and think it must run the whole country. Each province should in fact be a country. Africa’s map must change just as Europe’s has done over time. Lastly, it should always be remembered that the Goma area is actually the most beautiful part of Africa. Fertile, good climate, volcano and lake scenery. Just to put it in context.
The eastern DRC has been devastated by the Rwandan/Ugandan invasion and the subsequent slave-labour camps set up to extract coltan. It’s no wonder it’s impoverished. (Not that it did well under Mobutu.)
Nkunda is a stooge for the Rwandans; it looks very much as if they’re setting up for Congo War II. That’s why he’s so well funded.
Nobody is going to impose sanctions on Rwanda because they are backed by the Americans, the ultimate beneficiaries of Congo War I.
Good question. Who is funding all these “rebels” and “Freedom fighters” anyway ? 5.4 Million deaths. And I didn’t even know any of this was going on, and I’ve been to Rwandan. Amazing!!! And then I think to my self, truly the world doesn’t get a damn about these people. If it had been Europe or America something would have transpired, to stop these kind of atrocities.
MFB – What is so intruiging is that Sese Seko who was ousted in the First Congo War by Laurent Kabila was in fact propped up for decades by the U.S as a bulwark against communism.
When the Soviet Union fell his days were numbered.
Owen and Al
You are idealists. The Tsutsis and other minority tribes in Eastern Congo sit on vast mineral wealth. When the Hutu murderers fled Rwanda they flooded refugee camps, to the great embarrasment of aid workers who found they were shielding the killers not the victims. Vast piles of machets were dumped outside the refugee camps. These Hutus are still destabilising their neighbours.
And can you really see Muslim Nigeria allowing Christian Biafra to form its own state – and keep all that mineral wealth?
Traps
During the Cold War both the West and Russia propped up dictators.
Now China does it (eg Mugabe’s supply of weapons) – mostly infrastructure for minerals. The “leaders” get the mineral royalties, the Chinese insist that the infrastructure projects are all done by Chinese companies (without BEE), and the people get nothing. But the Chinese, unlike the West, don’t insist on good governance.
Instead of considering what both sides (The Congolese government and Nkunda) are saying; attention is to be drawn to wht the people of Congo think about all this messy situation. After all, they are the ones dying. No Government official is being threatned by this war. This conflict, like everything else happening in the DRC is the result of years of foreign interferece in the Congo (as far as 1960: just 6 days after the DRC ‘independence’). Therefore, the solution should come from the International Community. You can not pretend to lead of liberate people who do not acknowledge you… Has the inernational community ever thought of what the Congolese at grass-roots level think about all this….
At the first place: We did not asked anyone to come and liberate from Mobutu’s dictatorship (the guy was already dying); sencondly, we did not delegate anyone to go and negociate anything in Lusaka, Gaboronne, Suncity (South Africa)…to end up with all this messy situation. These killings need to be stopped! Are these people stronger than Saddam of the Afghans?…
Pepe
The PEOPLE of Africa have no say. The Mafias of the AU and SADC run the show. The international community can’t intervene because it is “African Solutions for African Dictators”. All with vast private fortunes!
In 1993, when Felix Houphouet-Boigny, first president of the Ivory Coast, died, the western embassies were asked for vechicles for the state funeral as the country was too poor to afford them. Houphouet-Boigny had a private fortune of over 2 billion dollars (and used to spend half his year in France)!
Western governments don’t really care about abuses in developing countries, its the Western NGOs and church organizations that are mostly concerned.
Britain (and the United Nations) supported the Federal govt. of Nigeria in its war/genocide against the Biafrans – Britain’s main concern was ensuring its oil interests were not compromised. In Africa, only Kenneth Kuanda, Julius Nyerere (a Catholic) and few Francophone presidents condemned the Federal got, or gave moral support to the Biafrans.
The fact that a govt. could slaughter and starve an ehnic goup with impunity led to a wave of other slaughters/genocides across Africa during the next few years.
Western governments are very hypocritical though, so they condemn China today, but conveniently forget their role in Africa’s wars. The UK’s BAE has supplied weapons to Zimbabwe knowing full well of the slaughter of the Ndebele during the early to mid 1980s.(BAE also supplied aircraft to Indonesia to use against civilians in illegally occupied East Timor, and electroshock torture instruments to Saudi Arabia etc.)
Oil-Hungry US Ignores Human Rights Abuses Of Saudi Arabia
Amnesty International accused the United States and the rest of the industrialized world today of ignoring human rights violations by Saudi Arabia because of the desert kingdom’s massive economic power.
.
Despite a history of arbitrary arrests, torture, unfair trials and harsh punishments such as flogging and beheading, Saudi Arabia has never been held to the same human rights standards that Washington and its allies apply to China, Myanmar, Sudan and other nations accused of widespread repression, the human rights group said.
“The country’s strategic position and vast oil resources have led governments and businesses around the world to subordinate human rights to economic and strategic interests,” the group said in a 19-page report.
The trouble with Nigeria/Biafra, Sudan/Darfur, DRC /East Congo, is that Africa’s leaders from the beginning decided colonial borders would not change; and the whole world treats “Africa” as one and ignores the Muslim North/ Christian South divide.
How ever will such niceties as sanctions, discussions, requests to disarm, arrangements to shift and repatriate people, etc. ever work in that deeply layered and seemingly inextricable and eternal shambles? Now, don’t all get upset and go ballistic and waste too much of yr valuable time lambasting me, as I shall declare this modest proposal to be ‘tongue in cheek: Send in the Brigade of Guards, the French Foreign Legion and the US Marines with orders to thrash, defeat, round up, disarm and somehow incarcerate or isolate the whole rotten bunch of these ‘armies’ that will just carry on destroying lives in Central Africa. But if you have any better ideas other than what we have witnessed so far in the perennial yak from all concerned quarters, I’m sure we’d all appreciate them — not least all those millions of poor women and little children up there.
lyndall.
you know, you *really* need to let the “islam” thing go.
your islamophobia is just… ugh.
[and btw, if muslims are so bad, how come during the 1994 slaughters in rwanda/burundi/northeast drc, there were no massacres in the muslim parts of it, while scores of churches, monasteries, and religious schools were burned to the ground, and people running from them shot?]
re: biafra. you know, while most hausas are muslim, and most igbos are christian, yorubas are split, more or less 50-50 [in nigeria anyway; outside of nigeria, it's 70-30 christian.]
while most nigerian leaders have been yoruba, only one of them has been muslim. [babangida.] the move of the capital from lagos to abuja had far more to do with *ethnicity* than religion.
[more trivia: senegal has had three presidents since 1960: a catholic serer, followed by a muslim serer (with a drinking problem), followed by a muslim wolof; all of whom had catholic wives.]
for the most part, it’s not about religion in africa. honestly. [although in cote d'ivoire it is... and it's the christians who were starting all the shit. but of course you knew that, right?]
for the above; i mean to say, only one of nigeria’s yoruba leaders has been muslim, and that would be babangida.
the generals put out a hit on abiola, who died right after abacha did.
[oh, wait. abacha allegedly died from viagra while with indian prostitutes.]
Mundundu
I am equally against fundamentalist Christians ( like Bush and the Roman Catholic Church) as against fundamentalist Muslims.
However I do think that fundamentalist Muslims must be sorted out by moderate Muslim intellectuals, and ditto for Christians.
And I do think that first having a Muslim and a Christian block in Africa before trying to jumble such diversities all together would take it one step at a time.
And what do you think about the fact that over 90% of women are genetically mutilated in Egypt? How does that fit in with the Q’ran? Or how does stoning to death pregnant women who claim to have been raped in both Somalia and Nigeria fit with the Q’ran?
Lyndall,
“…first having a Muslim and a Christian block in Africa” is quite nonsensical.
Muslims and Christians and people who are neither live in common areas in many parts of Africa.
Would you advocate splitting Tanzania into 3 parts, as its population breakdown by religious beliefs are: Christian 30%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs 35%?
Likewise should Cameroon, with indigenous beliefs 40%, Christian 40%, Muslim 20% be divided into 3?
And should the 5% Christians in Senegal and 1% Christians in Mali respectively, living in peace with the Muslim majority, be expelled?
Lyndall,
“And what do you think about the fact that over 90% of women are genetically (sic) mutilated in Egypt?”
I take it you meant “genitally”. As I wrote previously on another TL blog, FGM has NOTHING to do with Islam, and the practice was around more than a thousand years before Islam began.
In Ethiopia, where breakdown by belief was Christian 60.8%, Muslim 32.8%, traditional 4.6%, other 1.8% (in 1994 census), 74% of Ethiopian women between 15 and 49 in a health survey in 2005 had undergone “some form of genital mutilation and cutting”. Source: Unicef
In Mali, where this practice is very prevalent, 85% of Christians practiced it in 1994, according to the Swiss based Inter-Parliamentary Union.
.
How does a man in his 40s keeping six wives (some under the age of consent) fit with the Bible? That in the liberated capital (capital liberated courtesy of investment bankers and dumbass politicians) of the world, nogal.
Lyndall, what I think about your mutilation of Africa by unlaterally declaring bits of it not to be Africa at all is that you’re as culturist and racist as those you criticise. Perhaps indeed, our recent outbreak of xenocide is reflective of the vast majority of South Africans’ viewpoints. Too dark, too light, wrong language, wrong religion – sorry, Egypt, too light are you, and predominantly the wrong religion. You’re out. Who next? How about the Moroccans? The Tunisians? Botswana? The mighty one knows that that Ian Khama is potentially not only way too white but too anti-SADC really, right? Shame that those blokes in Botswana don’t see everything in that peculiarly simplistic simple simon south african way.
And mutilation of girls in a supposedly religious, sanctioned way is worse than mutilation of women in a criminal way? Or in a racist way? Or in a xenophobic way? Compare statistics of how many women have been raped and tortured in this wondrous full-on African country and ask the question that includes words like ‘pot’ and ‘kettle’ and ‘mote’.
Charity beginning at home and all that. Something we’re quick to criticise Mbeki for. Stop mutilating the continent and focus.
Mundundu
I forgot to say that the other fanatical, fundamentalist religion that I am totally opposed to is the communist faith. Communism has not been called “The Failed Religion” for nothing.
The communist faith is that a “worker” can do all that a “capitalist” can do – the hospital porter can do brain surgery, the worker in the factory that builds the aeroplanes can fly them, the farm worker can run the farm, the factory worker can run the factory – no skills, experience, training or aptitude needed for any job, just loyalty to “The Party” and “The Leader”.
“The Leader” like “The Pope” is infallible. Zuma can spout any nonsense he wants – and get applauded and worshipped.
It is no coincidence that where the Roman Catholic Church and Communism have worked together- there has been the most misery in the world. Two infallible men: “The Leader” and “The Pope”.
Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Haiti, South America, the Pacific Islands – mired in poverty, over population and unemployment.
See – I am an equal opportunity critic of all fanatics, not just the Islamic ones.
Youngfox
Stop bugging me. I no longer trust your stats. I think your persona has overtaken the real you. Use your real name and come out of your anonymous alias shell.