Willy Wonka’s labour machinery composed of Oompa-Loompas – short little dudes from the cocoa heaven of Loompaland — were originally described by author Roald Dahl as dark pygmies “from the very deepest and darkest part of the African jungle where no white man had been before”. Their primary enemy was the whangdoodle, interpreted by some as white dudes.
But this is at odds with Dahl’s statement that “no white man” had penetrated that specific part of the continent, which leaves me with the conclusion that perhaps said whangdoodle was either of Arabian, Chinese or other ethnicity.
[Ibn Battuta trekked India from North Africa long before De Gama; Ahmed Ibn Majid guided both De Gama and Columbus, Zheng He and other Chinese explorers hit South America and Africa prior to the “discoveries of the new world” as the Vikings and Irish did North America. There was a thriving slave trade e.g. the Egyptians, pre-existing those initially assumed to be whangdoodles.]
Now the Loompas were presumed to live free and fair with no bondage, slavery or forced labour involved; indeed, the Loompas had a nasty little streak, encouraged by Wonka who turned quite a little bitter after competitors stole his ingenious chocolaty designs.
Yet so much ire was directed at Dahl that he acquiesced, changing the description to fair skin.
Given the fact that the US and USSR were upping the velocity in their game of war-by-proxy amongst other dastardly policies, that should have been the least of the “establishments” and the public’s concern.
Perhaps the PC response was deliberately encouraged; a way for the public to let off steam without actually effecting reality. PC is a wonderful way to stifle discussion, manufacture consent and dissent and eliminate the imagination – because without imagination, without original, unique and brave thoughts, we lose our ability to dream, to think beyond industry/government/authority big-box decisions and policies.
Mankind is then reduced to the pejorative man-mass state, like faceless cogs in the wheel of a mechanised civilisation, similar to the type of mass-produced goods the global middle-class consumes on an everyday basis, irrespective of issues such as origin, verification, methods of production and growth, and ecological impact.
And our goods are very often the primary cause of bondage in the real world, where many a Loompa are trafficked from one corner, one country, one continent to the next, living in the never-was, that strange existence most of us consider to be outdated, a thing of the past.
We do not believe much of it to be true and our disbelief suspends that reality, insulating it.
The UN estimates that there over 27-million people in bondage, with another 50-million slaving in Export Processing Zones (EPZ), corporate cut-and-paste dictatorship that are usually self-regulated, tax-free havens.
And whilst South Africa is one of the world’s leading transit and destination points for external trafficking, the business of internal trafficking is flourishing. Even our airports are not secure, as the Agglioti/ Selebi/ Kebble triangle revealed.
Laura Bermudez of the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) recently completed a report, solely focused on SA, titled “No Experience Necessary: The Internal Trafficking of Persons in South Africa.” iom.org.za/site/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=21&Itemid=50
The report delves into the various components such as demographics, recruitment, routes, exploitation, legal framework, transportation and demands as well as the health risks and other twined issues.
An excerpt from the report reveals the testimony of an informant from Gauteng, who said that 80% of prostitutes were treated like criminals irrespective of the underlying causes, the norm as it relates to the methodologies implemented by law enforcers.
“Many (officers) don’t look beyond the surface. They don’t look at the core of the problem. ‘We don’t have time. It is prostitution. It is drugs. Period.’ However, there is a handful of highly trained officers that know how to ask the right questions. We need more of them.
“There was a woman whom I assisted that had been linked up with a Nigerian and was beaten up very badly. She reported her story to me and said that the man had recently bought two girls, ages nine and twelve, and transported them from Pretoria to Port Elizabeth. The girls were given to an older lady that was teaching them what they need to do. I reported the information to the police but nothing happened.”
On recruitment:
“The girls were recruited from country towns. One came from Ceres and the other from Beaufort West. Recruiters told them that they would get employment as domestic workers in Cape Town and their parents were told that their daughters would send money to them. They were transported in the recruiter’s cars to suburbs in Cape Town. The young women were used in prostitution.
“In one case, the woman described a night that she was drugged and used in pornography. She said they made her have sex with different men and they took pictures and videos. They were given no money and they did not know how to use public transportation. They were taken to the street to work at night and slept at the pimp’s house all day. They told us that the pimp sometimes beat them if they did not bring in enough money.”
And of course, whilst “spiriting away” is quite common, very often there is an uncle, an aunt or a family friend involved. The report details the case of a girl held in bondage by a Nigerian pimp, with the help of a relative. Another family sold their kids for a set of lounge furniture.
According to the International Labour Organisation, there were 211-million economically active children spanning the globe in 2000, from the Burmese kids working on the railroads (for the benefit of Chevron, Total and other oil multinationals), to those slaving away for Nike in Indonesia, to the coltan and diamonds in the DRC.
Why does it occur? Why does the host government not life a damn finger? The answer is telling indeed and reveals that nature of selective and imposed/ approved democracy/ regimes in Africa and other “developing” governments.
As the regime of Cote d’Ivoire stated, “If we use real labour, the price of cocoa goes up”.
The immediate history of slavery is quite interesting and results in a more balanced and just interpretation of the colonial project, delinked as it actually (and initially) was from race.
William Petty, noted as the first political economist of the age, was said to have created the market-labour theory reducing humans to the state of commodities in an age of expanding capitalism built on slavery. This slavery was initially composed of the British and the Irish who were made homeless by privatisation of indigenous land, categorised as the commons. Petty stated that, “the labour is always of the nature of an exported commodity,” — commodification of the living – whether plant or human, is a fundamental tool used to dispossess and disenfranchise people, allowing the indigenous ecology to be perceived as an unfinished product. The idyllic English countryside is one example.
How often do we question how such lands were emptied (enclosures), or even the way in which history was transcribed, not in terms of bias but simple factual accuracy? By 1617, it was the established policy of the ruling class in Britain to ship the enslaved millions expelled from their lands in Britain, criminalised by The Beggars Act amongst others. By 1661, laws were codified concerning the enslavement of white and other people in Britain and the distant colonies.
Barbados historian Hilary Beckles writes, “Parliament felt there no longer was a need for white ‘labour’. Black slavery, fully established, proved to be very profitable.” And the ever flammable instrument of ethnicity as a divisive and mobilising political vehicle proved to be quite blinding indeed, for the slaver and the enslaved. White Supremacy was thus a commercial and ideological solution to the slave trade, inundated by large quantities of non-white labour.
But this reality has been deliberately distorted and removed from its pretext in order that the world misunderstands the root of colonialism, and so remain divided and easy to manipulate in our divisions. As mentioned in my last post, myriad native skins, cloaked in immunity as such, have inherited and endorsed the methodologies of colonialism on their populations.
Select rationales of racial discord are particularly flammable as mobilisers given that certain races were the ultimate beneficiaries, and that inherited poverty has yet to be accorded restorative and/or recoverable justice.
This compounds the canvas of developing worlds, arrested in the grips of structural adjustment programmes; loans that sometimes suck up to 60% of GDP, diluted human and environmental rights; superimposed macroeconomic privatisation, with an emphasis on export of raw produce, alongside drastic cuts to social spending that deprives entire nations of health and education …
These governments are deniably disallowed from expanding social spending as it would constitute a violation of their bilateral and multilateral agreements with institutions such as the World Bank, who require social spending to be at a minimum. In order to spur the economy on, they say.
Who would agree to such shit? The government of Angola is a good example; less than 56% of the population makes it to primary school, mostly males. Poverty, it has been proven, further entrenches male patriarchy as women have no access to alternatives via tools such as education.
[Over $4-billion in oil revenue is siphoned by the government; indigenous wealth is expropriated and developed for extraction by oil companies such as Chevron, Total and BP with the consent of the government. The US spends over 40% of their budget on “securing energy resources” through military bases, official and unofficial e.g. by way of Chevron. The environment, ranging from fisheries to farming and water sources have been exploited and decimated, poisoning the primary means of sustenance for the nation at large. These factors – health, education, pollution -- are never monitored by the government, just the companies who implement self-regulated standards. Angola’s oil production is predominantly offshore, and so containment of oil spillage -- during the extraction and transportation process – is rarely handled.]
In poor resource-rich countries like Angola, child soldiers, prostitutes and miners are common.
Now the thought of the Loompas as children did indeed raise its ugly head, but I have worked viciously to remove it as the very concept would forever taint Johnny Depp’s Wonka as a child-slaver in my mind.
In reality, many kids are trafficked and enslaved in what might have been the cocoa heaven of Loompaland — Cote d’Ivoire, to work on the cocoa farms, some as young as nine. The country produces 40% of global cocoa, with West Africa on the whole producing 70%. They don’t live long. They don’t have a chance.
The Harkins-Engel protocol of 2001 attempted to address the estimated 280 000 little people working on the cocoa farms; many of the cocoa and commodity corporations were signatories, eager to dispel assumptions that the $26-billion cocoa industry violated basic human rights. But that is a different post, another long story — one that is actually improving due to awareness of Fair Trade and people like Harkins and Engel in the US.
In the meantime, I’m about to watch Depp’s Wonka with my sister whom we shall call Gummybird, so I have written this to get those thoughts out of my system. Hopefully I won’t be spoiling the movie for her with my insane jabbering.
Funny how “slavery” correlates with religious fundamentalism and lack of democracy. Sudan? Nigeria? Congo?
the exploitation of others is a sin. but in order to actually prevent of stop it – we need an effective police service.
the only problem is that theres no such thing as an “effective police service” anywhere in the world… its just not possible – unless they are the footsoldiers of tyranny – and then there may be rule by law – but no rule of law – and theres no guarantee that the laws will protect the human rights of each and every person
so what is the solution?
Hi AG
Thanks for reading;-) I think overall, fair trade certification remains the best option as most slavery is connected to exploited labor, usually in unobserved vacuums. A police force that is educated about the situation would be more effective.
I think, on a macro level, the solution remains twined to the cause – lack of education and opportunity reflect the overall lack of environmental and human rights prevalent in those countries that are beneficiaries of the lending institutions, and deliberately so, for the vehicle that legitimates expropriation are the structural adjustment programmes that have fashioned ‘all export’ economies, which require no skill, and loans that have these countries by the noose. The regimes are mere satellites of the main, providing the illusion of native rulers, profiting from the poverty of their countries,as proxies of foreign interests who generate wealth from fabricated loans.
They could default, refuse to pay the loans (and the interest) and actually inject funding into important vectors such as health, education, skills training – as well as allowing for people to have the choice of whether to continue on with perfectly healthy and wonderful lifestyles such as the fishing and farming..But they won’t because they are apart of the problem, and not victims of it. The government of loompaland preferred to keep cocoa prices low, keep in line with their foreign partners, rather than protect their young.
The problem of exploitive multinationals, economic colonialism and human trafficking are interlocked. In the case of countries like Cote d’Ivoire, fair trade labeling that verifies that origins of the product would make all the different, but industry has been steadfast in refusing it. We could create laws in our nations that prevents products manufactured from forced labor/bondage/slaves to be imported etc etc
What are your thoughts on fair trade?
The policeforce should be under the control of the courts and like the reserve bank, be independent of government.
Slavery is the systematic exploitation of labour. As a social-economic system, slavery is a legal or informal institution under which a person (called “a slave”) is compelled to work for another (sometimes called “the master” or “slave owner”).[1] Evidence of slavery predates written records, and has existed to varying extents, forms and periods in almost all cultures and continents.[2]
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery)
Slavery in a multitude of forms has been with us since the beginning of times. Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Celts, Germanics: you name them. They all practiced it in some or other form.
A vivid description and formal complaint of the practice was dramatised in Holland in a work by Eduard Douwes Dekker (2 March 1820 – 19 February 1887). He was better known by his pen name Multatuli. This Dutch writer famous for his satirical novel, Max Havelaar (1860) in which he denounced the abuses of colonialism in the colony of the Dutch East Indies (today’s Indonesia).
Slavery has been part of economic systems the world over and still is despite conferences and declarations on human rights by well fed and so-called intelligent people meeting in luxury places to denounce the practice. Most of them have never seen poverty in their life.
The American civil war was less about human rights then it was about the economic consequences of the abolition of slavery.
Current legislation, criminalising prostitution in many countries (mainly British and Commonwealth related as well as Muslim controlled) around the world keep this legislation in place, mainly on moral grounds. The criminalisation leaves the slaves in this “industry” unprotected and vulnerable to abuse. Too many naïve kiddies in abject poverty, looking for a way out of their miserable circumstances, fall for the promises of at least “a job” only to be trapped in abuse for the rest of their lives.
Sweat shops –another form of slavery as defined above- even exist in South Africa, a country that boasts the best constitution in the world. SA imports from countries, well known for their “industrial efficiency”, a euphemism for slave labour.
@avishkar: “so what is the solution?”
The solution is very simple: the “fair trade” movement is on the right track. The movement makes people aware that other people, producing the nice goodies they buy, are not getting paid enough to eat properly on a daily basis.
We should answer the following question when we (you and me, earning R100 per hour) buy a T-shirt for R100: do we realise that the R100 includes material, manufacturing (investment/depreciation for machines, buildings), transport and contributions to various governments involved and labour. How much would be left for labour?
This makes the implementation of the solution a little more complicated: we now deal with the “greed“of the average consumer which forces him to spend as little as possible when buying a T-shirt, the “greed” of the average shop owner to outdo his competition by offering cheaper products, the “greed” of the manufacturer to offer products cheaper than similar producers. The mechanisms of the lauded “free market system” at work.
I do not have all the answers either but I like the way Khadija brings up the issue. Before we can come with global solutions, we should try some local projects on a small scale to address the underlying problems: one of them being the disconnection between “production” and “consumption”.
If your neighbour makes T-shirts and you buy from your neighbour, he can explain to you:
1. why your T-shirt must cost R150 instead of R100: because he pays his staff properly
2. why he can sell it to you for R100 because of no transport and/or import taxes
The SA New Economics studies the effect of local economics vs global economics.
A definite answer to slavery? No, we can only try.
Really good piece. We have a number of problems with regard to slavery in SA, firstly we have no laws against sexual trafficking despite it being a global problem. Second is that with the disbanding of the sexual offences units the investigation of sexual crime has collapsed. Anyone who has sat listening to your average cop trying to take down a statement and the level of incompetence at that level, never mind investigation knows how serious the problem is. I could go on and on… Instead we are heading into all the hypocritical hoo-ha that will surround the 16 days of No Violence Against Women and Children — spare me from it.
What a piece of cack.
And I would like to point out to you that in a millenia of Arabic literature the word “Black” is used interchangeably with “Slave”, carrying on to the present day in Sudan where theslang for “Southerner” means “slave”.
And amongst every other bizarre unfounded assertion in your schizoid piece, the British include the Scottish and you fail to mention the Highland Clearances and transplantation of an entire nation.
Or were you totally unaware of one the world’s most well know ethnic minorities and the reason they are present throughout the world after forced emigration due to economic farming practices?
PS the British also include the Welsh, perhaps you’d like to explain to us why there’s Welsh speaking Patagonians in Argentina?
Or about Penal Servitude and where Australia came from?
@ KS… as always i find these articles most educational, thank you.
@ Rodney of Sydney… that would be the ideal… but even in such a dispensation, how do u ensure ethical and impartial police services? and its not about kickbacks and bribes specifically – its about the indifference and turning of blind eyes…
@ KS and Benzol… FAIR Trade means (like Klein says in talking about apartheid) that you boycott any product coming out of a sweatshop, or being produced using raw materials produced through unethical labour. politicians who sit on their asses and fail to implement proper education and working opportunities (thus creating child labour) should be censured.
children belong in school learning what they need to know in order to figure out how to make everything run on AI and how to cure HIV and other things like how to create proper public policies.
Fair Trade means that that the ILO prescribes a universal wage rate by industry and job function. In SA we pay (+/- $1) by hour in China/India/Asia they pay per operation… (+/- $2 or $3 per day)
and please dont tell me about comparative advantages and specialisation of economies… blah blah blah…
when a pair of running shoes lands in the USA at total production cost (including internal R&D) of less than $20 how can u justify selling it for $100?
this is what happens under a conservative “might is right” exploitative economy… theres no equal opportunity and theres no respect for the rights of anyone other than the corporate directors…
in the $700billion bail-out – how much was immediately paid to their directors in accumulated bonuses and the like?
greed is the root of all injustice
PS About Fair Trade:
http://www.fairtrade.net/cocoa.html
Where you deliberately giving false information or actually revealing how ignorant you actually are?
And one of the reasons I find you and your opinions so annoying is that the situation is bad enough and hard enough to overcome without the efforts of hardworking activists the world over being belittled by your selfish desire to look “big” by misleading possible contributors and funders that you actually know what you’re talking about.
Unless you realy are deliberately trying to mislead people as to the real situation which would make you indefensibly unethical. And an additional unnecessary burden borne by those who are actually getting something done.
AG
The derivation of fair trade is correct – in terms of wage labor it is the best platform, as a starting point. The issue at hand is the nexus between economic ideology – tariffs, production, access to channels, trade legislation and trade distorting subsidies, commodities trading, artificially depressed prices, reciprocal trade etc Without tackling these issues, fair trade is the best bandage, but has no power to affect the wound itself.
Fair Trade is a certification and verification process that accords a fair price, taking into account cost of production, labor and other externalities. Children should be in school, no question, but what ‘should be’ is rarely realised in the context of economic violence..what fair trade does is enable the father/mother to earn a living wage that facilitates the opportunity..when parents are paid a just portion, children are not required to work as free labor.
Fair trade should be applied across the board as an institution that realises a just trading mechanism (production and integrated supply chains, manufacturing etc).. the problem is that means of production, distribution, access to markets via infrastructure, logistics etc are not in the hands of developing countries due to SAPs, ‘for-export’ economies molded by macroeconomic paradigms who place emphasis on privatisation of natural resources, cash crops –
The World Bank (working hand in hand with multinationals) legitimizes expropriation as beneficial for emerging markets. One cannot speak of fair trade without taking into account the entire canvas of the ‘free market’ and its effect and repercussions on trade, but it is by far the best starting point. The problem is that it may perceived as the end and not the means.
You really are one brick short of a full hod aren’t you?
If you’d like to actually do some research, you might actually notice that apart from Western companies regularly changing suppliers if they find child labour has been used, (Which is almost unknown in Chineses, Middle Eastern and Asian firms, not having the same history of consumer boycotts);
Several anti child labour NGOs work with Child labour suppliers, since to immediately shut them down would result in the family starving, because it is their poverty that requires then to sell their children and send them out to work.
Therefore some NGOs allow the children to continue working and try to alleviate their conditions, allow time off and attach classrooms to the factory or workplace, sometimes trying to replace a child worker with an older sibling.
They therefore act effectively as a trade union for illegally working children. But dont prevent them working.
As a middle step to ultimately replacing them them with adult workers.
None of which has anything to do with the World bank, and multinationals usually only turn up when trying to shut down a child factory due to (Mainly) western consumer pressure.
(You also seem to completely miss out that children are employed not because of starving parents and economies, but very simply because they are small, powerless and easy to intimidate and frighten, which is why they are used by unscrupulous employers to work at dirty jobs cheaply, that no adult would or could do, and this situation has been going on since at least the time of Victorian Chimney sweeps who used to send boys up to knock the soot out and sometimes get stuck and die.)
Try having a look at the major funders of just one project for child labour and tell us the bit about the British High Commission is trying to ease the conscience of the Global Western Neo-Colonialist Multinational Anti-democratic forces of Racist Imperialism, because of Childhood Bedtime Stories of a Decade ago:
Or perhaps you’d like to make a donation to help Indian Children like the British do, due to the old conections between India and the British Raj:
http://projectmala.org/uk/funders.htm
What ia also needed is education of the slavekeepers. Bonded labour is actually more expensive to maintain and less productive than free labour. Some economic historians have pointed out that the American Civil War was less about a selfless desire to free slaves than the imposition of a competitive and thus more productive free market in labour.
@ AB: your comments and accusations do not seem to contribute much to the debate. Sorry mate.
@KS “Fair Trade” as a system to spread wealth from economic activities evenly is a good idea. To create the awareness with the buyers in the developed world of the circumstances of local producers is a good thing.
But, as in other good systems, the implementation could frustrate the desired results: reducing poverty of the workers and their families. The outcome of QA inspections by FT officials can easily be rigged at a local level by intimidation of (uneducated) workers or other dependencies (political, tribal, religion). This depends on the knowledge of the inspectors of the local language, circumstances and practices (social cohesion).
In addition, as soon as the goods produced enter the global trade system, many barriers exist (health requirements, QA, tariffs, quota) to free trade which potentially reduces the fairness in the fair trade. There are ways and means to reduce the effect of the barriers, but they usually come at a cost which again reduces the income of the producers.
Example: Mozambique produces excellent fruit, vegetables and nuts. Problem: they do not always pass the health requirements of the EU market. Creating the infrastructures to pass the test, requires investment (washing facilities, cooling facilities, testing facilities) in areas where the infrastructure (water, electricity and sometimes tarred roads) does not exist and government does not have the funds or the inclination (political reasons) to address the issue.
At the time I worked there the following solution was found: export across the border into Zimbabwe, re-mark the boxes with “produce of Zimbabwe” and ship to the UK where Zim products had a sympathetic reception. From there the EU was open.
No question that this process cost extra money which reduces the income of the producers.
In this case, FT can inspect and approve the farm but does the inspector know the upstream of the goods? A well oiled and functioning control system is expensive and will, again, be at the cost of the producers.
Hence my inclination to favour the ideas of “new economics”. This approach tries to move away from globalisation as the major global wealth creator. The idea is to create wealth within a community for the community. “Produce local” and “buy local”. A few hundred years back in time when transport was less easy than today.
Once more, the “greed” factor has to be calculated into any proposal that is trying to address global poverty. The prices of most goods for which the price is determined by the “world market” are subject to “greed” of which “speculation” is only one aspect.
Both proposals (from Fair Trade and New Economics) have merit but a successful implementation requires more research. Both systems have -to my knowledge- not been universally accepted at governments levels. I consider both “movements” in the experimental phase. Both systems rely heavily on the goodwill of all involved in the production and supply chain. In our world not a good basis for (law) enforcement.
Hi Willem, thanks for the comment and you are correct about the restructure of in-house US labor legislation. From what I’ve read, the North needed to provide jobs, wage; the South gave such jobs to slaves. In the end, the US was losing economically due to unemployment of free citizens. In the US right now, there is still this problem. The move from a manufacturing to outsourcing, from production to high-tech services has seen many lose their jobs. My sister works in the field of graphic design and she tells me that everything is outsource to Indian programmers who get paid nothing much in context. Different players, same problem.
Hi BenzoL, agreed. The tariffs, quotas and subsidies undermine the good the fair trade as a starting point could implement. Tariffs et al are deliberately maintained to prevent competition. EU is our biggest export partner.. in 2002, exports totaled (euro) 15.6 billion…but our dairy is restricted as it is unable to pass sanitary requirements..as is our ostrich etc The reason is perhaps that EU dairy cartels do not like dairy competition, hence the situation. As regards WTO non-preferential reciprocal trade, once again, we are kicked in the goolies as the situation you mentioned prevents us from exporting many products, with sale of raw produce subject to commodity speculation, subsidies etc
i absolutely agree with your new economics – proximity, community within communities..It would allow for us to determine the nature and scope..such a thing is also desperately needed for the crap they call eco-tourism, which do not benefit the communities who in turn are merely trophy/token people decorating the landscape. Your point is relevant also within context of organic as control of organic institutions, supply chains, are in the hands of a few who decide which regions go organic and which do not – to fill in lucrative market gaps. these goods are affordable only to the rich, even though it requires none of the expensive by-products, such as pesticides. Locally grown could be presented in organic community farmers market, by passing the four major chains in SA that control 84% of the goods, with 60% or so overhead and logistic costs attached.
Why not check out Tanzania – the ONLY African country to try socialism not communism under Juilius Nyerere, one of the few statesman Africa has had. NO corruption allowed – and NO business interests by politicians. Even his own wife had to divest her business interests.
It only started to work when it was allowed to mix with capitalism i.e. business investment, but still is one of Africa’s emerging successes.
Lyndall,
Julius Nyerere has been out of office for a long time.
“Corruption is a large problem and a major public issue in Tanzania. The Auditor General has estimated that over 20% of the government’s budget is lost annually due to corruption, theft and fraud.” source: ** http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/normal.asp?pageid=51 **
On the mainland of Africa, ranked by Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index, Botswana is the least corrupt (rank 36) followed by SA (rank 54). Tanzania is way down at 102.
On the positive side, Tanzania is politically stable. The president takes a hard line on corrupt officials, and does not hesitate to fire those caught for corruption.
But with 42% of 2007-8 govt. budget funded by foreign aid (and planned for it to be 34% in current year, , one cannot say that Tanzania is an economic success.
Check out cadbury’s and bournville for some positive history about social organisation and fighting against the normal practise of doing things (i.e slave trade at the time)
i wish trade was fairer! and i dont want this unkindness of humans to increase, i want this to stop happening, i believe if we all believe this, then maybe we will change?! -time can only tell in my opinion